October brings the first frost to cold-winter zones, typically landing right around the middle of the month. There is nothing left to sow or transplant; those windows closed in September, so this month is about protecting and harvesting what is already established. A floating row cover or a simple cold frame can extend the life of your kale, chard, brassicas, and other cool-hardy crops well past that first freeze.

Indoors (fresh harvests):

• Microgreens: peas, broccoli, sunflowers, arugula
• Sprouts: alfalfa, broccoli, radish, mung
• Herbs & greens under lights: chives, parsley, mint

Protecting what's in the ground: Kale, Swiss chard, cabbage, Brussels sprouts, and other brassicas already established will keep producing well past first frost if covered. Row cover or a cold frame added before that first cold night makes the difference between a finished bed and several more weeks of harvest.

Cover crops: If any beds are still bare in the very first half of October, a fast-establishing option like winter rye or winter wheat can still get rooted in before frost. By late October, it is best to leave those beds until spring rather than rushing a cover crop that may not have time to establish.

Tip: An upstate New York zone 6 can be very different from a Santa Fe, New Mexico zone 6. Consider checking with your state Extension Service office for more specific recommendations and guidelines.

Use your USDA zone as a guide. Microclimates matter; coastal/urban spots run warmer; high-elevation spots run colder.